Erik Erikson s Theory Of Life Essay - 1917 Words

Erik Erikson assumed that every person goes through eight stages involves a life crisis to be resolved one way or another and covers the entire life span of a human being (Santrock, 2014). Each crisis is not necessarily a catastrophic event, but a turning point and the more successfully an individual resolves each of these crises, the healthier the development will be (Santrock, 2014). Successful resolution of each stage affects the next stage and each stage is built upon, however, should that stage require a maladaptive resolution at any stage, this may interfere with others, therefore it is especially important, to get off to a good start. Erikson’s theory is of importance to this report as it should pinpoint some of the main issues or crises that M faced in her life time and it explains how her personality has been shaped, not only her only abilities/personality, but also by the environment in which she grew up in, where she lived, and the choices she made. Basic Trust versus Mistrust The first crisis or stage to be conquered, occurs during infancy and is mainly based on the quality of caregiving that the child experiences as the caregiver provides the child with the knowledge of the world, whether it is safe or dangerous place to be (Santrock, 2014). Trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good pleasant place to live, or a place to mistrust and filled with uncertainty (Berzoff, 2011). The challenge of this stage isShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Theory Of Life Span Development2134 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: Erik Erikson’s views on the eight stages of development formalized and systematized the concept of life span development. His framework suggested that humans should be understood longitudinally and socially in the development of personality. Erikson is generally regarded as having a comprehensive, time tested, and well-established theory for growth along the life span. Erikson’s views on development made an addition to some aspects of Freud and deviated from some of his other emphasesRead MoreErik Erikson s Life Span Development Theory1269 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s life span development theory, also known as the Eight Stages of Man, offers a perspective of human development through all stages of life. Erikson believed that as humans grow older, they go through eight stages of development that each present a crisis for the individual to resolve during that stage. Each crisis must be resolved before a new one can be presented. Successful resolution at each stage creates the foundation needed to build the next. This paper will discuss Erikson’sRead MoreErik Homburger Erikson s Theory On The Stages Of Life1196 Words   |  5 PagesErik Homburger Erikson was a German-born, American sociologist, who became worldwide famous for his theory on the stages that compose life. Born on June 15th, 1902 to a Jewish family in De nmark, his biological father divorced his mother, Karla Abrahamsen, little after his birth. Although his last name was that of his biological fathers (Salomonsen), this changed when they moved to Germany, and his mother married Erik’s pediatrician. Theodore Homburger would go on to become his stepdad, since he wouldRead MoreThe Theorist I Choose For This Paper That I Believe I Relate1509 Words   |  7 Pagesmost is Erik Erikson. Erik Erikson is best known for his theory on identity, which was a theory that was broadened from Sigmund Freud while retaining its core work (Schultz, D. Schultz, S., 2013). Erik Erikson’s mother, who was Jewish, became pregnant but a man that was not her husband after her husband’s disappearance. She was sent to Germany, where she gave birth to Erik. Erik Erikson grew up believing his pediatrician was his biological father due to his mother marrying this man. Since Erik EriksonRead MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Development1608 Words   |  7 Pages The Psychosocial Development The View on Erik H. Erikson s Stages of Development Frank Phan Cosumnes River College Psychology 300 Abstract This paper will touch over the aspects of Erik H Erickson s eight stages and how they affect everyday lives from infancy to adulthood. The paper will go over the approximate ages and the psychosocial crisis that they will eventually come to. Neglecting a child can lead to a cause of mental negligence in the form of Arrested Development. Within differentRead MoreCompare and contrast the developmental life span theories742 Words   |  3 Pagesdevelopmentalist focus on nature and nurture in the development of children. Bronfenbrenner’s theory is based on a child’s state of affairs and circumstances. The key idea in Erik Erikson’s theory is that the individual faces a conflict at each stage which may or may not within that stage. Erik Erikson was a psychologist who was most famous for coining the phases of identity crisis. Accordant to Erikson, the ego develops as it successfully resolves crises that are distinctly social in nature. TheseRead MoreApplication Of The Personality Theories Developed By Erik Erikson And Raymond Cattell1724 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of the Personality Theories Developed by Erik Erikson and Raymond Cattell â€Å"Personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. It arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life† (Cherry, 2014). My personality is influenced from my specific circumstances, my upbringing, and it is represented best through the theorists of Erik Erikson and Raymond Cattell. In specific circumstances my behaviorRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood event, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. Erik Erikson died May 12, 1994 due to prostate cancer. (Erik Erikson, 2015). Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentRead MoreDevelopmental Psychologist Erik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1729 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopmental psychologist Erik Erikson changed the way that people viewed the psychosocial development in humans throughout their lifespan. Using the foundation provided by Freud’s psychosexual stages, he modified the concepts to where they demonstrated external impacts on development as well as making it more about emotional conflicts than necessarily physical drives. This eight-stage theory is sequential, and requires the person to overcome conflicts in each stage to become a productive memberRead MoreAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 Pagesthe education profession. Erik Erikson Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired. - Erik Erikson Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a Germon born developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human lie. He is most famous for devising the phrase â€Å"identity crisis.† Erikson was a Harvard professor although

Business Project Proposal Of Brettamymelissa Essay

Executive Summary Brettamymelissa is a family owned, med-sized construction contacting company specializes in bridge construction, concrete work, demolition work, and deep foundation installation. Other areas of work involve a small trucking operation that specializes in flat bed hauling, dump trailer transportation and specialty hauling of oversized, overweight specially permitted cargo in the regional area. Currently we are constantly expanding and contracting nationwide. In order for the company to increase efficiently and effectively the need for implementing a system that will provide the functionality necessary to run the business, that is easy and convenient for the end users, and delivers a competitive advantage is highly recommended. The system currently in place does not meet those needs and will not support the growth and innovation, which are part of the company’s future success. The company main areas of functionality are sending emails, making phone calls or hand carrying file s between various offices within the company. Group 3 – Business Project Proposal CURRENT IS STRUCTURE Currently the company is designed, developed and implemented with a centralized computing systems, mostly with an emphasis on optimizing manufacturing processes by synchronizing the materials with production requirements using manufacturing resources planning (MRP II)(Mohammad a rashidmassey, 2002). This would include a combination of spreadsheets, basic accounting software,

What challenges does post modernity present for Christian Doctrine Free Essays

Introduction Post-modernity is a concept that deals with the study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty. It is positioned as a result of modernity, which claims the idea Progress, a sense of history and democratization (e.g. We will write a custom essay sample on What challenges does post modernity present for Christian Doctrine? or any similar topic only for you Order Now personalization). Post modernity operates an erasure of the future that leads to the worship of this. So what Fukuyama announced the end of historicismSome ideas of revolutionary school progress or implementation of the adverse effects of technology. Post-modernity is thus a failure, and notably temporal: it is impossible to be at this time, or ahead of its time †¦ is the reign of timelessness. There is also a real saturation of social movements. Finally, philosophy, postmodernism asserts in his critique of modernity and the adoption of monism strong individualism. I. Brief description of modernity Modernity is really born with the Enlightenment philosophers who believed that â€Å"man is the measure of all things† (humanism). He rejected the authority and tradition and replaces them with reason and science. God and religion are dethroned. The modern mind assumes knowledge as accessible to the human spirit. Knowledge is certain, objective and well and should lead to progress. Modern man has absolute faith in his rational capacities. Through observation, experience and reflection, one can discover the truth. The school is a place bursting with the native environment for progress. Education must liberate the individual from the narrow and irrational that it imposes on his passions, his family and society to be open to rational knowledge. II. What is post modernity? In other words, postmodernism is a philosophy that says no objective truth or absolute, particularly when dealing with religion and spirituality. In the confrontation with the truth about the reality of God and religious practice, the post-modern perspective is illustrated in the statement that â€Å"what is true for you, it’s not for me.† The term â€Å"postmodernism† means literally â€Å"after modernism† and is used philosophically to describe the current era, which came after the age of modernity. Postmodernism is a reaction (or perhaps more appropriately, a wry response ) broken promise of modernism from the use of human reason alone to better mankind and make the world a better place. Because the belief that modernity has been the absolute exists, postmodernism seeks to â€Å"correct† things by taking out the absolute truth and that everything (including the empirical sciences and religion) in relation to an individual’s beliefs and desires. III. The cross over modernity to post modernity Modernity has been characterized by an increased knowledge in all areas. Globalisation and the Media Development accentuated this phenomenon. The reason is unable to unify knowledge. It is rather a coexistence of heterogeneous knowledge, knowledge of the break (fragmentation, fragmentation, division). The sense and rationality seem to oppose. The dream continues progress has been shaken by two world wars, the Holocaust, the development of nationalism, by the fear of nuclear destruction, degradation of the environment. Implementation of technology is dehumanizing. The reason is considered an instrument of power and domination, which stifles the subject, his feelings, imagination, intuition†¦ Gradually, the optimism of modernity will give way to disenchantment and disillusionment. Post-modern present both as a rejection and an excess of modernity. IV. The challenges of modernity for post Christian Doctrine The dangers of postmodernism can be seen as a downward spiral that began with the rejection of absolute truth, which leads to a loss of distinctions in matters of religion and faith, and finally ends in a philosophy of religious pluralism that says no faith or religion is objectively true and therefore nobody can claim that their religion is true and the other is false. The end of the reign of reason Modernity was the reason the last idol, the woman who was to succeed where all others had failed (cosmos, religion, tradition, country †¦), which was to succeed in unifying the know. Its failure is a sign idols and end in a new era of post modernity. This failure also calls into question the very notion of progress. Relativism â€Å"To each his own truth! This phrase perfectly characterizes post modernity. Relativism follows from the end of the idols, the unifying principle of the lack of knowledge. Knowledge is not certain, objective and good, everybody is back to himself to determine what is true. Now, truth is subjective, that’s what makes sense to me. Distrust of authority Since no authority is really meaning it follows a general mistrust of all forms of authority. The hyper individualism Humanism has been associated with modernity has begun on the phenomenon of individualization. With the end of the reign of reason, relativism and distrust of authority, with the need to identify itself, the phenomenon is growing again †¦ You can then speak of hyper individualism. The hyper-individualism is in particular the importance of personal experience and gives pride to the feelings. â€Å"I feel therefore I am†! The distortion of language The language is misleading. Everyone can give another meaning to a word. There is no reference to the most common that gives true meaning to the words. In this regard it is interesting to note that dictionaries of all types of countless flowers every day†¦ More Choices This feature, already present in modernity as resulting in particular from a better knowledge and their heterogeneity, also increases. Multiplication called the multiplication†¦ The importance of the moment Here and now! Because the past is irretrievably lost, since the very possibility of progress has no merit, because the future has nothing to offer, it must be lived and live intensely. A sense of despair While the reign of reason, optimism and enthusiasm are shaping, post modernity sees the emergence of a new mindset. Optimism gradually gives way to cynicism and scepticism and pessimism and even despair. The return of religion The question that arises is what religion is sheThree main features appear. Firstly it is a religious map (at each of its religious). Then there is also a religious reason for refusing a leap into the irrational (faith without reason can there be?). Finally, the return of religion certainly reflects the inability of man to live without belief Conclusion To repeat my simplification, postmodernism is relativism. Postmodernism is a reaction against the structures of logical truth of modern thought that gave us suggestions on the absolute nature, time, space, mathematics, know ability, the repeatability of the experiment, predictability, etc. modernism developed science , technology and medicine, he helped to produce a comfortable and predictable society – in which people tend to become complacent, comfortable and predictable. But there are always people who ask questions rather than blindly follow the status quo. They look for different means of expression, different interpretations of truth, to teach the idea that truth is not necessarily absolute, and that reality can be reinterpreted. It is in the post-modern context that the emerging churches are seeking work. Bibliography Hun singer G 2007. Postliberal Theology. In Vanhoozer (ed) Postmodern Theology. Cambridge: CUP Ingraffia BD 1995. Postmodern Theory and Biblical Theology. Cambridge: CUP. Iser W 1978. The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response. Baltimore: John Hopkins University James W 1975. Pragmatism: A New Name for some Old Ways of Thinking, Cambridge: Harvard University Press Jay M 1993. The Debate over Performance Contradiction: Habermas versus the Poststructuralist. In Force Fields. New York: Routledge Padilla RC 1979. Hermeneutics and Culture: A Theological Perspective. In Gospel and Culture. Pasadena: William Carey Library Pannenberg W 1970. Basic Questions in Theology (Vol 1). London: SCM Penner M 2005. Christianity and the Postmodern Turn. Grand Rapids: Brazos Press Placher W 1999. Being Postliberal: A Response to James Gustafson. Christian Century April 1999 Plantinga A 2000. Warranted Christian Belief. Oxford:OUP Andrew K. M. Adam, ‘Author’, in Handbook of Post-modern Biblical Interpretation (ed. Andrew K. M. Adam; St. Louis: Chalice, 2000), 8–13. How to cite What challenges does post modernity present for Christian Doctrine?, Essay examples

How accurate is it to say that the growth of reformist groups in the years from 1881 was the main cause of the 1905 revolution free essay sample

There were a number of reformist groups from 1881. Key examples of these were groups such as the Kadets, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. All three of these groups had slightly different aims. But all of them wanted something in common and that was change in Russia. Therefore as we clearly see reformist parties did put a large amount of pressure on Russia and on the Tsarist government. But on the other hand there were a number of other important factors that I believe where largely involved in causing the 1905 revolution. The factors I intend to include are: The large amount of social and economic problems, the Russo- Japanese war and bloody Sunday as I believe these were also key causes of the 1905 revolutions. Reformist groups first came into Russia in the 1860’s. The first reformist group was known as the populists, they disliked the autocratic rule of the Tsar and wanted to change the way the government was run. We will write a custom essay sample on How accurate is it to say that the growth of reformist groups in the years from 1881 was the main cause of the 1905 revolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Obviously the main aim for all reformist groups was to change the way the country governed. Therefore we saw large changes to reformist groups and we saw an increase in popularity in them. During and after 1898 we saw the emergence of reformist groups such as the socialist revolutionary party and the social democrat party. The socialist revolutionist party believed Russia’s future lay with peasantry and therefore disagreed strongly with the Tsar and the way Russia was governed. The social revolutionists were led by Viktor Chernov who gained support from many industrial workers. But the socialist revolutionists also gained the support of many extremists and even had its own terrorist group similar to ‘peoples will’. The socialist revolutionary party was an example of how reformist groups led to the 1905 revolution as they would often cause large-scale violence. In the years 1901-1905 the socialist revolutionary’s were responsible for over 2000 assassinations including the Tsar’s uncle and many other political powers. This shows reformist groups such as the socialist revolutionaries were a large cause towards the 1905 revolution as they eliminated many powerful figures in the Russian government and caused a large amount of political unrest. This led to instability in the government and resulted in people seeing reformist   groups as an easy way to create change. And therefore people resulted in violence and uprisings put pressure on the Tsar creating a tense revolutionary ready Russia. Another key reformist group was the social democrats they were created in 1898 and believed strongly in western ideas and Marxism. The group also wanted a society that gave power to workers and peas ants. Which was the opposite of the Tsar’s views. Therefore in order to achieve this they would need a revolution in Russia and a change in the government. Similar to the socialist revolutionists they believed that creating violence was the best way to achieve this. But in 1905 it split into two groups these were known as the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. These groups created large widespread unrest to created political change. As we can see the violence and unrest caused by these groups would’ve pressured the Tsar and therefore are a main cause of the revolution. There were also the Liberals in Russia. They were later split up into the Octoborists and the Kadets. The liberals were made up of the middle class who wanted political freedom for Russia and also wanted to see Russia develop along the lines of Western countries. The liberals only used peaceful means to achieve their aims and therefore created a smaller impact in comparison to more radical reformist groups. Though once again we can see that the Liberals were another reformist group putting pressure on Russia and the Tsar and therefore increasing the chance of revolution. As well as that the large number of reformist groups meant that it was very difficult for the Tsar to keep control of Russia. Therefore once again we can see that the reformist groups did have a large impact on creating the revolution. There were also many other major factors that led to the 1905 revolution. I believe one of the largest was the social and economic causes. Before 1905 eighty percent of the Russian population was made up of peasants. And to make this even worse the Russian population was rapidly growing. This meant peasants could just about survive if the harvests were successful but for example in 1901 the harvests were unsuccessful and therefore this resulted in violence. Peasants attacked government officials and destroyed government records on land owning’s. This put Russia on the verge of revolution especially in the countryside. As these peasant uprisings had shown the Tsar the damage that the peasants could do

Como Agua para Chocolate Like Water for Chocolate

One of the best ways and most pleasant ways to learn more about culture of a particular country is to watch the movie depicting its culture and directed by a director originated from this country. One of such films is Como Agua para Chocolate (Like Water for Chocolate). It is a film that gives a deep insight into Hispanic culture and traditions. It tells about relationships between people, family traditions, national food and customs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Como Agua para Chocolate: Like Water for Chocolate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The film was screened in 1992 by a Spanish director Alfonso Arau. The film is based on a famous novel with the same title by Laura Esquivel. It is a romantic love story that was interfered with strict national traditions. The story is set in Mexico, it times of the Mexican Revolution. Two young people are falling in love, but they cannot be together because of a tradit ion that presupposes that the youngest daughter in the family should not get married and stay with her mother doing housework. The film is filled with magic related to cooking. So, the main characters of the film are young people that experience a forbidden love. Tita (protagonist) was born the third and last daughter in the family. According to old superstition, Tita has no right married, she must live with her mother and help her. She becomes a family cooker. However, one cannot escape one’s fate and girl falls in love with a young man Pedro, a very nice local boy. He also loves her and makes a proposal. However, Tita’s mother refuses. Pedro has to marry Tina’s sister to be closer to his bellowed girl. Two people live close to one another, but they cannot be together. At the end of the film, they finally find a way to be together, but after marriage Pedro dies and Tita kills herself. As it has already been mentioned, the film is filled with mysticism. There is an allegory to food. This allegory comes for the first time in the scene of Pedro’s and Rosaura’s wedding. When Tita prepared a wedding cake, she cried and her tears filled the cake. All guests in the wedding were crying as well when they were eating it. Thus, Tita understood that she could communicate with her dear Pedro through food. The film is very rich in metaphors, as well as in symbols: dishes and their ingredients are symbolic, the name of Rosaura’s daughter – Esperanze (which means hope), and even the title of the movie is a symbol of Tita’ and Pedro’s love. There can be two explanations to the title. The idiom â€Å"como agua para chocolate† means passion and love â€Å"people melt as chocolate melts in hot water† and the second explanation relates to the marriage of Rosaura and Pedro â€Å"the chocolate made with water instead of milk has the same look, but the taste is not that good†.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analyzing film is a great activity that not only develops your critical thinking, but gives you the possibility to learn more about people, their lives and feelings. In addition, if this film depicts foreign culture, you broader your intellectual horizons. This essay on Como Agua para Chocolate: Like Water for Chocolate was written and submitted by user Neil T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

D.A.R.E Essays - Brian Welch, Converts To Christianity, Free Essays

D.A.R.E Essays - Brian Welch, Converts To Christianity, Free Essays D.A.R.E D.A.R.E. Have you ever imagined your future? I try to do this all the time. Most of us will follow in our parents footsteps, by this I mean our adult lives will closely resemble the lives we live as children, set by our parents examples. Have you ever stopped and thought about this? What an awesome job it must be to raise a child properly. But, what happens to the children that live with drugs, alcohol and violence in their home? Where do they their good examples? I know of one place that is trying to reach all children. It is the McDowell County D.A.R.E. Program in McDowell County North Carolina.It is sponsored by the school system and the sheriffs department.Our teacher Officer Randy Slagle, carries on his shoulders the great responsibility of teaching kids to just say NO to drugs and alcohol and violence. I am personally aquainted with all three of these things, not because I have ever tried them myself, but because of my dad. He used each of these things on a regular basis. He drank, took drugs,smoked pot and was abusive. When I was 7 years old my mom took me, my sister and baby brother and left. I wonder if when my dad first started experimenting with drugs and pot at the age of 13 if he ever thought about the consequences and what this bad decision would lead to. He has been in rehab, in jail, he can't get a decent job, he lost his family and he has nothing to show for the last 25 years of his life. These bad choices also caused him to hurt his children in horrible ways. God expects us to take care of our bodies and keep them healthy. Being a christian also means that I am accountable for all the actions I take. I am lucky that I have at leasst one parent to help me make wise decisions, and to teach me right from wrong. I am also grateful that the D.A.R.E. program is taught in our schools. One of the most important things I learned from D.A.R.E. and Officer Slagle, is that a person that has a parent with an addiction problem, is more than twice as likely to become addicted themselves, as compared to a person that has no family history of drug abuse. This really caused bells to go off in my head. This means that if I ever give in to peer pressure and try drugs, I could become addicted easier than someone else. Why would anybody take this chance? I have learned many things through this program, especially about the consequences of our actions. You could get arrested, hurt yourself or someone else, destroy your life by becoming an addict, or even die. All of these things are terrible , but I can't think of anything worse as a parent or as us kids as future parents than hurting our children and the people that love us. DRUGS DESTROY LIVES! I give the D.A.R.E. Program 2 thumbs up, for all the good things being accomplished. 6th grade student at Nebo Elementary School, McDowell County, North Carolina

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital - Essay Example In the case of General Hospital, the conflict was intergroup, pitting the CEO Mr. Mike Hammer and Marge Harding, the chief operating office on one hand and, the director of medicine Doctor Williams and the company’s physicians on the other (WordPress.com, 2011). There are various sub-categories of intergroup conflicts including those among teams, divisions, departments, employees, and management. In the conflict at General Hospital, while physicians were more interested in the correct and timely readings of the EKG and proper diagnosis of patients, the CEO and the operating officer were more concerned with cutting costs. This paper thus explores the conflict at General Hospital, touching on the management style employed to resolve the stalemate. In addition, the possible use of teams and negotiation skills to resolve the conflict are also discussed. The Conflict at General Hospital Some years back, renovation activities at the General Hospital led to a drop in the number of pa tients admitted at the Hospital. Consequently, bed occupancy went down by about 65% (WordPress.com, 2011). The other effect of the renovation exercise at the General Hospital besides the dropped occupancy was a rise in the number of Medicaid and Medicare patients. In other words, the number of patients under private health insurance covers dropped, implying that General Hospital could not make profits from attending to patients with private health insurance covers (WordPress.com, 2011). Realizing the hospital was on the verge of failing to obtain its objectives and remain profitable, the CEO, Mr. Mike Hammer decided to implement certain changes, which he thought would stabilize the hospital. The first option to Hammer was to cut costs and increase the Company’s revenues. In addition, Hammer intended to initiate changes that would ensure the hospital retained its current services and even expanded into new areas. To implement these strategies, Hammer hired one Marge Harding, e mpowering her to make crucial decisions such as the firing of the hospital’s employees, more so those serving under the at-will employment status (WordPress.com, 2011). The first opinion of Harding’s was that the electrocardiogram (EKG) readings could be done electronically. Therefore, according to Harding, a physician was not needed to read the EKG. In fact, she suggested that at least $100,000 could be saved by computerizing the reading of the EKG. After the installation of the new equipment for EKG proposed by Harding and the training of EKG technicians, the physician, a Doctor James Boyer, was informed that his services were no longer needed at the General Hospital (WordPress.com, 2011). Harding’s plans soon started to flop as EKG’s arrived late, cases of misdiagnoses increased, and the staff became irritated as they looked incompetent, making them feel that Dr. Boyer was rather important and was needed at the facility. Nonetheless, Harding completely ignored these complaints from the General Hospital’s staff. Therefore, the main conflict at the General Hospital pitted cost control and management against physician agreement. To realize any positive results from his cost reduction strategies and policies, Mr. Hammer had to win over the physicians making up his staff. This was just another of the instances and incidence in which

Income Statements of International Financial Reporting Standards Term Paper

Income Statements of International Financial Reporting Standards - Term Paper Example In addition, the US GAAP treatment allows either single step or multiple steps format for income statement captions. According to Epstein (2011), under US GAAP, expenses such as cost of sales and administrative expenses have to be classed by function whereas in IFRS, expenses can be classed by function or nature. According to US GAAP treatment, classification of extraordinary items is permitted under certain circumstances and it can also be segregated within operating income. In contrast, IFRS bans classification of unusual items although it permits segregation of such items. Epstein (2011) states that the US GAAP considers estimated operating results of a discontinuing operation while measuring the expected gain or loss on disposal; on the other hand, IFRS reports actual operating results of a discontinuing operation as incurred. US GAAP provides a broader definition for discontinued operations while IFRS sets a narrow definition. Under US GAAP, restructuring costs are recognized on ly when it becomes necessary but IFRS recognizes restructuring costs when it is announced. Finally, additional comprehensive income items may be presented in changes in stockholders’ equity statement under US GAAP; but, this practice is not permitted under IFRS treatment. Differences in Balance Sheets As in the case of income statement, the IFRS balance sheet is also dissimilar to a typical US GAAP balance sheet. In the opinion of Epstein (2011), limited guidance on offsetting of assets and liabilities is a characteristic feature of US GAAP; however, IFRS insists specific guidance on offsetting of assets and liabilities. In case of IFRS, financial position’s classified statement is essential unless liquidity ordering is more meaningful. In contrast, such a statement is not required under US GAAP. Differences also exist in the definition of current/noncurrent between IFRS and US GAAP. The US GAAP treatment does not allow offsetting of assets and liabilities with various counterparties but it allows offsetting with same counterparties if and only the intention is to settle â€Å"net† (Epstein, 2011). On the other hand, IFRS permits some offsetting of assets and liabilities with various counter parties if legal provision allows it. Exclusion of long-term debt from current liabilities is a specific feature of IFRS. The US GAAP treatment refinances the exclusion of long term debt. The IFRS treatment states the minority interests as a component of equity while US GAAP guidelines restrict the presentation of minority interests as equity. As per the structure of US GAAP balance sheet format, entries are presented as total assets balancing to total liabilities in addition with shareholders’ equity. In contrast, IFRS entries include current and non-current assets and current and non-current liabilities. While US GAAP presents items on the basis of decreasing order of liquidity, the IFRS presents the items in the increasing order. Advantages o f IFRS to End Users Generally company management, shareholders, investors, and third parties such as banks and other financial institutions are the end users of financial statements. They get ranges of advantages if companies use IFRS accounting in financial statements. To the extent that financial statement information is not available form external sources, investors and other external users give emphasis on company financial statements.

Relationship between fine art and commercial art Essay

Relationship between fine art and commercial art - Essay Example One time Andy was infected with rheumatic fever and was confined to bed. During this period, Warhol read comic literature, made paper dolls, listened to the radio as well as posted images of movie celebrities around his bed. This period of his sickness was very significant in the developing his personality as well as in the forming of his preferences and skill-set. Warhol showed an untimely artistic ability and learned commercial art after recovering at the Carnegie Museum of Art. In several ways, Andy Warhol expanded and refined the idea of what it means to be an artist. He regularly took the producer position, rather than a creator, not just as a painter, but as a filmmaker and with his profitable enterprises as well. He was fond of coining an idea and then overseeing or delegating its implementation. As he advanced this aspect of his work, The Factory grew into an office from an atelier. He became, and he is still a company’s public face and a brand, as well as the core of Pop

Tesco PLC International Communication

Tesco PLC International Communication Introduction Tesco plc is the fourth largest retailer in the world after Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Home Depot, and the largest supermarket retailer in the UK, McLoughlin Aaker (2010, p126). The company was founded after WW1, and is widely recognised for having expanded its services during the 1990s away from groceries. In the last quarter of 2009 the company had a 31% share of the entire UK grocery market, with a reported gross turnover of 59.4 billion for the fiscal year 2008/2009. Cornelissen (2005, p32) provides an alternative synopsis of corporate communications via a historical perspective, defining five central or core themes. The realisation by the 1990s that organizations so as to stay afloat had to practice and engage through communications with a number of groups in the environment. For the larger part of the 20th century, managing communications had been defined predominantly via public relations and marketing divisions, this being an intrinsically limited approach, thus contemporary forms of communications management have integrated these divisions into the wider corporate communications function. Furthermore the shift from rigid to flexible market landscapes, and increasingly competitive marketplaces, this together with a greater call from society for corporate citizenship, pushing many organizations into stakeholder management strategies, and finally the relationship of corporate communications with the stakeholder era, and the need to build and ma nage relationships with stakeholder groups upon which the organization is economically and socially dependent. External and Internal communications Hargie D Tourish D (2004, p3) outline the scope of communication strategy and organizational success with an emphasis on internal communications proposing a systematic approach to the construction of a seaworthy communications strategy and the rigorous evaluation of all steps taken along the way. In the same way that Cornelissen J (2005), in the context of a historical understanding defines a shift in communications strategies and practices, the authors spell out a contemporary paradigm. Quirke, (1995, p76) is cited to have defined the traditionally bound or understood terms of organizational communication, such as the announcement of management conclusions, and the ensuring of consistent information, making messages easily comprehensible, and easy to disseminate. The authors go on to cite Quirkes further suggestions relative to the attempt to widen organizational participation and involvement, inclusive of the stimulation of thinking, participation and ideas, the networking of know how and learning across the organisation, the involvement of all employees in improving processes, the identification of ways of providing additional value to customer and lastly the expansion of what all employees believe is possible, Hargie D Tourish D (2004, p19), also see Quirke, (1995, p77). Quirke is further cited in so as to summarize this contemporary view of communications, the role of communication becomes not the top-down dissemination of management thinking, but the bottom-up means of connecting those who know what needs to change to those who have authority to make change happen. With respect to issues of external communications a number of fundamental questions are defined; who is communicating with whom? Which issues receive the most attention and arouse the most anxiety? How much information are people are receiving and sending on crucial issues? how much interpersonal trust exists; and how the overall quality of working relationships can be characterized? such issues are among the core concerns of efforts to establish what has been termed organisational climate (Lammers, 1994). The authors go on to outline the way in which a communications audit can be implemented citing a five stage sequential model devised by Baker, (1999) beginning with the selection of a topic, followed by an outlining of desired performance in relation to criteria and standards. The third stage entailing collection of objective data, fourthly the implementation of appropriate changes to improve performance, and lastly the collection of data to check for changes induced by the model. Van Riel suggests a framework for the coexistence of a number of communications functions in a single organization, this being particularly relevant to a company such as Tesco which as a result of its product and market diversification is concerned with a number or varying communication channels. Van Riels framework relates to internal concerns of an organization or company, as described by Barker Angelopulu (p371), Van Riel proposes a framework for organizations to stimulate cooperation among all relevant communication functions by defining the baseline of corporate communication. Three ultimate stages are devised by Van Riel, the definition of common starting points, the use of common operational systems and lastly the coordination of decision making. Identity, reputation and image McLoughlin, Aaker (2010) define Tescos success and growth over the past three decades directly in relation to its strategy and image, further relating it to market segmentation. The authors outline a number of strategic initiatives such as its managed range of four differing level brand product, finest range of premium products, Tesco healthy living, value range and Tesco organic range and furthermore describing the way in which the company changed customer perceptions of the brand itself, Secondly the company mantra has shifted form maximising shareholder value to maximising customer value. While the underlying objective is naturally to make higher profits this is specifically done while focusing on customer service (2010, p127). The third term which Damien McLoughlin, David A define is that of its diversification strategy which as outlined is based on four key principles, these being the innovation and expansion into the core UK grocery market and into areas like convenience store s; innovating through expansion into non food business like consumer electrics, clothing health beauty CDs and DVDs and even developing its non food finest and value ranges; expanding into retail services like personal finance telecoms and utilities by entering into joint ventures with major players in these industry sectors; finally, expanding internally which accounted for more than 25% of sales in 2008/9 with plans for further expansion in international markets including India and China, Damien McLoughlin, David A. Aaker (2010) Culture and its influence in corporate communications Considering the expansion and diversification of Tescos services and products, in addition to the widening of its potential targeted market landscape, the initially defined terms of corporate communications devised by Cornelissen J (2005) and Hargie D Tourish D (2004), central to which are ideas of integration, and the crossing of functional boundaries, seem most appropriate. Despite the broad range of services and products offered by Tesco, there are in existence a number of unifying terms to which the organization would need adhere to, such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and an overall brand value. The organizations present a number of terms which embody the core purpose of Tesco as a business, Value via competitive prices, product choice and high food quality, helpfulness via customer service, availability and customer communications, inclusiveness via the means of ensuring that the organization appeals to a broad range of customers, something for everybody, and innova tion via new product development and retails services technology. The role of technology in corporate communication Chaffey et al (2009) outline Tescos strategy of diversification predominantly in terms of internet marketing and implementation, citing the chief executive of Tescos Terry Leahy from the Sunday Times, we will be the worlds biggest online grocery retailer and we intend to become the UKs No.1 e-commerce business (Lorenz and Nuki, 1999), further defining the way in which Tescos affirmed expansion was aligned to its expansion in providing wider products and services, in 2000, the online services diversified, offering many non food product ranges and financial services. The terms of diversification are understood predominantly in relation to internet shopping and service innovations, By 2003 96% of the UK population could shop online with Tesco.com giving the commonly 65% of the UK online grocery shopping market and further diversification of product ranges, e.g. financial services and telecoms. Specific innovations such as DVD services to the door, a rental film DVD service, the provisio n of energy utilities whereby customers can save money on their house bills, initiatives and schemes to promote better health such as online -diet services which help customers to tailor their food shopping and diets, and telephone services, Currently Tesco is focusing on the development of TESCO direct, which offers customers a wide range of non-food goods as well as launching a range of own brand computer software. Currently Tesco accounts for approximately 66% of the UKs online shopping market. Dave Chaffey et al (640; 2009). Oliver (1997, p128) suggests a communications framework in relation to IT technology which ultimately aligns terms of cultural values and beliefs of an organization with the organizations vision. The author presents a model devised by Goldberg Sifonis (1993) titled communication framework, which relies on the assumptions of management which are adopted on an intuitive basis and that need to be communicated with internal and external stakeholders, as described by the author, from that, a dynamic campaign plan or communication framework is produced which clearly represents the cultural values and beliefs of an organization aligned to its vision, Oliver (1997, p128). Internal-the role of HR corporate Communication It is widely referred to throughout literature that the role of HR in terms of wider communications strategies is immensely under emphasised, HR departments most often not being considered under the scope of a communications department. The U.S. society for HRM asserts the way in which communications and HR should be closely related within any organizational framework, specifying the role of HR in terms of communication as a way by which to assert any given culture as alive and healthy. HR is predominantly responsible for and concerned with internal communications in this respect. Turner (2003, p20) proposes a model which adapts the traditional framework of linking HRM and performance. Turners model incorporates communications into the entire model. For example at the stage of HR strategy, the author suggests good communication as a tool by which to join up HR policies and strategies. In terms of HR practices, the author outlines, effective people management practices to be communica ted to line managers, and directly in relation to terms of financial performance, the author suggests efficient communication of a culture of good people practice, this being particularly important to an organization such as Tesco plc, which falls into the category of a dominant, large multi-national corporation, at risk of gaining a bad reputation for this very reason. Conclusion Pelsmacker P et al (2005, p228) define a number of channels adopted by the Tesco organization so as to communicate to as wide a consumer market as possible. For example the authors define the Tesco club card magazine, describing the aims as the creation of fun and information, managing the communicated core Tesco brand values and services. The authors further outline the engendering of lasting brand loyalty, and contribute significantly to customer awareness of new areas and lastly the increase up take of other Tesco ventures particularly in non food, the authors go onto to describe, At forward publishing, they realised very quickly that you cant talk to someone in their twenties in the same way that you would to a person in their sixties, resulting in various targeted, specific magazines. The organization identified five life stages from Club card data, creating five different copies of the clubcard magazine. This is defined as just one initiative amongst many more such as Tesco lif estyle scheme and the Tesco loyalty program which gave the organization the ability to customize and further optimize the customer expertise. As an international organization, concerned with such a diverse range of services the Tesco organization embody and epitomize the very need to diversify and integrate communications approaches, as described by Cornelissen and to implement the bottom up means of connecting those who know what needs to change to those who have the authority to make change happen as defined by Quirke (1995). Recommendations Further analysis of Tesco plc in terms of corporate communications would need to incorporate quantitative data in addition to a qualitative assessment, furthermore the role of a communications strategy would need to be discussed further, directly in relation to Tescos brand and product diversification.

Aristotelian Ethics and its Context Essay -- Philosophy Ethics Essays

Ethics as Politics: On Aristotelian Ethics and its Context ABSTRACT: This paper argues that the assertion of Nicomachean Ethics I.ii that the art that treats of ethics is politics is to be understood properly not in the sense of politics qua nomothetike but just as politike, i.e., direct, participatory politics as was enjoyed in the Athenian polis and as the formed background to Aristotle’s philosophizing on the nature of ethics. The ethical import of politics can be retrieved from Aristotle’s Ethics (in both versions) and Politics by dwelling on the connection of eudaimonia and humanity’s function as such. Aristotle does not construe this function as contemplation but rather as the practical application of reason-reason leading to action. This, however, is the subject of politics. This specific human function, the function that makes us homo sapiens, can not be displayed in rule-be-ruled institutions such as the oikos (household) since such institutions and their collateral behaviors are predetermined based on rank or r ole. But achieving the distinctively human telos requires that such rule-be-ruled relations and behaviors be transcended since those relations and behaviors exclude the free exercise of deliberative intelligence. I begin with a proposition: that ethics (in the classical sense) (1) requires politics as the venue of its implementation; indeed, that ethics in a fundamental sense is politics. Ethics is politics inasmuch as the achievement of human happiness—"the activity of the soul in accordance with excellence, lasting a lifetime"—is public, both in that the achievement requires the presence of co-equals as the condition of its emergence, and in the sense that the excellence achieved (one's character) is public... ... modern metaphor for the political and ethical consequences of lapsing into a state of nature: the history of the Bounty mutineers (1789 and following) and their settlement of Pitcairn Island and the ensuing rapid self-destruction of the adult male population until, within four years of the settlement’s founding, only four men and ten women remained alive, and within a further seven years, all remaining men had been murdered except for one who was left as sole adult male dominating a community of females and juveniles. (23) The absence of a hierarchy of competitors refers to practices within a given sport category: competitors within a given Class A league are co-equals—but this does not imply the exclusion of other (higher or lower) sport categories (e.g., AA vs. A or AAA vs. AA) based on such factors as competitors' size, size of competitor pool, and so on.